Hey! Where is my home?

Deforestation.



Over the past 10,000 year, human activities such as urbanization, industrialization, and agriculture have shaped up the surface of the earth. Human have transformed billions of hectares of former forests and grasslands to cities, roads, houses, and other uses. Our actions have certainly caused the loss of wildlife habitat.



Globally, around 13 million hectares (ha) of forests were converted to other uses (including agriculture) or were lost through natural causes each year between 2000 and 2010. Primary forests account for 36 per cent (1.4 billion ha) of the world's forest area but their area has decreased by more than 40 million ha — at a rate of 0.4 per cent annually — over the last ten years. South America accounted for the largest proportion of the loss in primary forests, followed by Africa and Asia. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. 2011. Forest biodiversity at risk. http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/45904/icode/



Why is it forest important to wildlife? Forest is important because it provides place and food for wildlife to survive. Forest play an important role as a producer in the food chain, primary consumer such as deer depend on plant as their food and secondary consumer such as tigers depend on deer for food. For this food chain, we can identify the food chain as a set of interacting species in certain area known as ecosystem community. Let’s say we have removed one of the community such as plant from the food chain, this will affect the other community such as deer because insufficient food which is plant has reduced the number of deer and due to the insufficient food that is deer, the secondary consumer, tigers also suffer from hunger because they depend on primary consumer as food.



As a result, the ecosystem of the forest becomes imbalance and the population of wildlife is at risk! For example, John Seidensticker of the Save the Tiger Fund Council says humans continue to encroach upon reserves to grow coffee and to poach, and the reserves have not protected the tiger. The number of Sumatran tigers is estimated at about 500, and tiger-human conflict remains rife. In other word, human activities- agriculture such as coffee has reduced the habitat of Sumatera tiger. For more information, you may refer to:

http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/tigers/plight/slide_05.html



So who is going to be responsible for this? We as humans are responsible for this because we have cut down the tree for urban developing, industrial developing and others.

Commercial Products and live Specimens

Coats made from Endangered Animals

Craft Products from elephants ivories

Animal's skin


Walking down to the street in the city you will bumped into pet shops where sold birds for example parrots, beetles, and lizards or even souvenir shop you might come to these products such as butterflies or beetle specimens of even a tiger skin purse! Wildlife products are everywhere! From this, we can know that human obtain a variety of valuable commercial products from nature. This is one of the sub-factors of human-caused reductions in biodiversity.



Where does the wildlife product come from? According to the Environment Science, A Global Concern that I have referred, most of the wildlife product sources come from developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America with the richest biodiversity in the world. On the other hand, Europe, North America, and some of the wealthy Asian countries are the principal importers. Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong buy three-quarters of all cat and snake skin, for instance, while European countries buy a similar percentage of live birds.
Cunningham& Saigo, 2005.


The profit of wildlife trading is significant as I got some information from the Report of Congressional Research Service on International Illegal Trade in Wildlife: Threats and U.S. Policy by Wyler& Sheikh, 2008 which show some value of wildlife trading. The price of the wildlife trading is shown below:

Title: Selected Illicit Wildlife Trade and Estimated Retail Value

Illegally Traded

Wildlife Estimated Retail Value

1.Elephants $121-$900 per kilogram of ivory

2.Rhinos $945-$50,000 per kilogram of rhino horn

3.Tibetan

Antelopes $1,200-$20,000 per shatoosh shawl

4.Big Cats $1,300-$20,000 per tiger, snow leopard, or jaguar skin; $3,300-

$7,000 per set of tiger bones

5.Bears $250-$8,500 per gallbladder

6.Sturgeon $4,450-$6,000 per kilogram of caviar

7.Reptiles and

Insects

(often live) $30,000 per oenpelli python; $30,000 per komodo dragon;

$5,000-$30,000 per plowshare tortoise; $15,000 per Chinese

alligator; $20,000 per monitor lizard; $20,000 per shingleback

skink; $8,500 per pair of birdwing butterflies

8.Exotic Birds

(often live) $10,000 per black palm cockatoo egg ($25,000-$80,000 per

mature breeding pair); $5,000-$12,000 per hyacinth macaw;

$60,000-$90,000 per lear macaw; $20,000 per Mongolian falcon

9.Great Apes

(often live) $50,000 per Orangutan

Note: Price traded in US Dollars.

Sources: Compiled from U.S. government agencies, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, and media sources.



From this you can identify clearly this is a profitable trading. But the matter of fact is, this trading is consider inhumane because in the process of hunting, animals sometime are killed such as elephants, tigers , leopards and rhinos in order to get their ivory, bones, and horns. As a result, the population of this wildlife are decreasing year by year for example, in 1977, there were 1.3 million elephants lived in Africa; by 1997, only 600,000 remained. Other example is fewer than 1,500 Indochinese tigers are broadly distributed throughout Thailand (the centre of the Indochinese tiger's range), Cambodia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Laos, southern China and eastern Myanmar (formerly Burma).



For more information, you can access to Nature web site:

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/elephants/poaching.html http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/tigers/plight/slide_04.html



As a conclusion, in my view point that commercial wildlife products and live Specimens have an impact on the state of wildlife population.

Polution maker?

Don’t ever get angry if I coded we are actually the criminal for putting state of wildlife on the state extinction by creating much pollution to the ecosystem. There is lot of pollution that human created such as toxic pollution, and water pollution just to name a few have numerous impacts on ecosystem of the earth specially human activities such as oil mining, oil transporting, and chemical industry.

In this aspect, we would like to bring you an accident which has numerous impacts on ecosystem on the earth. Sure, everyone wouldn’t forget an accident about the largest oil spill in United States history (40 million litters) occurred when the Exxon Valdez super tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska in the early spring of 1989. The oil spread throughout the western portion of this 8,800 km2 coastal marine ecosystem before spreading to the Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak Island, and along the Kenai and Alaska Peninsulas. It covered rocky shorelines and beaches, and initially killed large numbers of birds, mammals, and marine invertebrates, including endangered and declining species.

According to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council estimated 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, up to 22 killer whales died along with billions of salmon and herring eggs. CBS News, 2011, /05/03/natiohttp://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010nal/main6456927.shtml

The oil causes birds' feathers to mat and separate, causing the bird to lose its buoyancy and the ability to regulate body temperature. Contact with oil on their skin or face can cause skin and eye lesions. Internal exposure to oil can lead to ulcers, pneumonia, liver damage, and other life-threatening conditions. On the other hand, oil also affects the sea turtles. Sea turtles will feel burning in mucous membranes of the eyes and mouth, the chemical of the oil can irritation or inflammation of the skin, and they will suffer from gastrointestinal inflammation, ulcers, bleeding, and poor digestion. If you are interested in this topic you can refer this web site: http://www.nwf.org/Oil-Spill/Effects-on-Wildlife.aspx

How can this crude oil cause the death of marine life? According to National Library of Medicine, when crude oil is burned, either accidentally or as a spill control measure, it emits chemicals which contained carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide , and volatile organic compounds that harmful for human and wildlife. For example, carbon monoxide and lead from crude oil can damage the wildlife’s intestinal system whereas the sulphur dioxide can damage the animal eye just we have mentioned above (effect on sea turtles).Botkin& Keller, 2003. These chemical can bring death to these animal. For more information you can refer to http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=73

This is just one example out of million maybe billion example of pollution that mankind had made to this earth. As a human, let us take time to think deeply. And consider our actions that have numerous impacts on the ecosystem of the earth…

POpulation

In this topic we are going to address some human- caused factors about wildlife extinction. To be more focus, we will go into detail one topic by one post only. In this post, we are going to examine on population. Human population growth has negative influences on biodiversity in several ways. With huge human population in this earth, our consumption on earth resources will increase rapidly. This phenomenon will directly increase our demand on earth resources for instance; we will need to harvest more timber, catch more fish, plow more land for agriculture, dig up more fossil fuels and minerals, build more houses, and use more water. All of these consumptions impact wild species. According to UN Population Division, there will be seven billion of human in the earth by late 2011. National Geographic Society, 7 billion population, 2011. So how are we going to influence the system of the earth such as ecosystem by the end of 2011?

For more information you can proceed at http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/01/seven-billion/kunzig-text.

Again, I would like to stress this issue by giving you an example more specifically on deforestation. The increasing of human population has caused the demand on wood source and land for agriculture such as Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) lost nearly as much forest per year from the mid- 1970s to the mid-1980s, with 4800 square miles per year (1.4 x 106 ha/yr) converted for agricultural use or cut for timber. Rain Forest Report Card, 1998. On the other hand, in Brazil, the Brazilian government reported that the official rainforest deforestation for 2003 was 2,375,000 hectares. That is 5,868,753 acres. A major reason for this has been the increase in a worldwide demand for Brazilian beef. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, exports of Brazilian beef increased from 232,000 metric tons in 1997 to 1.2 million metric tons in 2003. In 2001, the percentage of Europe’s processed meat from Brazil was at 74 per cent. Sam Montana. 2009. http://factoidz.com/cutting-down-the-rainforest-have-we- This mean that the huge consumption of food by the population of human had coast the tree cut down for land to feed cow as a protein source for food. So what is the relationship between forest and wildlife? The matter of fact, tree in the forest act an important role as a producer in food chain, it is because photosynthesis is the base of all ecosystems, organisms that photosynthesize are mainly plant and algae known as producer, primary consumer such as deer consume plant and algae as a source of energy and finally secondary consumer such as tiger consume deer to get the energy. It creates a unique way of food web. When the forest is destroyed, the tree have loosen its role as producer and this will give a negative impact on food web as the primary consumer die out because of hunger and the secondary consumer will also die out as a result their insufficient food supply which is primary consumer.

So, the question that I wish you to think about it deeply is the ways of population contribute to this wildlife. Take time to think about it but not to start to save the wildlife until the eleven hour

What is the main Factor that cause wildlife extinct?

In this section, we are going to determine the main factor that causes wildlife extinct. According to my study in the book of Environmental Science, A Global Concern, 8th Edition by Cunningham and Saigo, 2005, the authors determined two main factors which are Natural Causes of Extinction and Human- Caused Reductions in Biodiversity. Let us look into it one by one.
First, let us look into the aspect of Natural causes of extinction briefly, research on fossil suggest that more than 99 per cent of all species that ever existed are now extinct. Most of those species were gone long before humans came on the earth. Why kind of natural event have caused they aren’t longer exist in this earth?
There are some theories suggested that species change gradually through competition for scarce resources and natural selection, a process in which those members of population that are best suited for a particular set of environment conditions will survive and produce offspring more successfully than ill-suited competitors. This theory is known as theory of evolution, developed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. Cunningham& Saigo, 2005. Species arise through processes of mutation and natural selection and disappear the same way. The tiny Hypohippus, for instance, has been replaced by the much larger modern horse, but most of its genes probably still survive in its distant offspring. To take a close look on the image of Hypohippus, you may refer to this link: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Hypohippus.jpg
Mass extinctions have wiped out vast numbers of species and even whole families. The best event to understand these events is the end of Cretaceous period when dinosaurs disappeared, along with at least 50 per cent of existing genera and 15 per cent of marine animal families. Current theories suggest that these catastrophes were caused by climate changes, perhaps triggered when large asteroids struck the earth.
After having a brief discussion about Natural Causes of Extinction, we are going to address the second main factor which is Human-Caused Reduction in Biodiversity. Between A.D. 1600 and 1850, human activities appear to have been responsible for the extermination of two or three species per decade. Some estimates, we are now losing species at thousands of times natural rates. If these trends continue, the United Nations Environment Program warns, between 22 and 47 per cent of all known plant species-and the animals dependent on them- could be extinct in the next 50 years. Cunningham& Saigo, 2005. After this we are going to look into this Human-Caused Reduction in Biodiversity deeply by introducing its sub-factor. So we are looking forward to our next discussion specifically on these sub-factors of Human-Caused Reduction in Biodiversity.
Before we leave our discussion, we would like to invite you to think the sub-factor that causes the reduction in Biodiversity. :-)

The Price of Wildlife trading in Black Market

According to my finding in internet I have found that the prices of wildlife trading in black market can guarantee a great profit for the wildlife hunter and wildlife traders. It is hard to believe that the price offered during the trading is very high and expansive! The list of wildlife trading is shown below:



• Siberian Tiger: $70,000

• Sea Turtle Skin Boots: $480

• Lion: Price on request

• Tibetan Antelopes Woven Shawl: $30,000

• Gorilla (in London): 4,500 pound

• Stuffed Polar Bear: $US 11,000

• Orangutan can fetch US$ 45,000

• Tiger Skin: $50,000

• Black Cockatoo species: AUD$30000

• Rhino Horn: Upto $US 25,000 per 500 grams

• Tiger Parts (Tiger Penis, Claws, Bones, Skin)

• Peregrine falcon in Taxidermy: 170 pounds

• Wood Owl (to use in voodoo): Rs. 1.5 Lakhs

• Rare Turtles (For Live Pet Trade and Meat)

• Bottle of Tiger Bones Wine: $100

• Leopards (Skin and Claws)

• Otter (Skin)

• Pangolin (scales for Medicine and Meat)

• Snakes (for meat, venom trade and skins)

• Mongoose (for hair for Brushes)

• Bear (for its Gall Bladder, Live Cub Trade for Paw Soup, Claws)

• Crocodiles (for pets, meat, and skin)

• Rare birds – Live and stuffed

• Elephant Tusks, Giant Ivories, and decorative items

• Rhino Footstools

• Stuffed Polar Bears

• Dried seahorse curios

• Ramin pool cues

• Powdered tiger humorous bone: Over $1700/ pound.

• Sturgeon caviar: $880 a pound (0.45kg) and Paddlefish caviar $373 a pound



Source: http://treesouls.com/wildlife-conservation/illegal-wildlife-trade-in-india-the-black-market-of-life/





So be aware of these illegal wildlife products that you might accidently brought it from these trader. There are some situation that you might become an indirect buyer for wildlife products:



• An avid lover of butterflies may not know about the origin of the framed butterfly souvenirs or that they may belong to the endangered list and also that they are in turn fuelling the demand for wild life souvenirs.

• Pet lovers may not be aware of the needs of a baby sloth that was sold to them; only after killing their mother and that it made its way through the illegal dungeons of the wildlife trade.

• Media images celebrating luxury dining with champagne and caviar can never make a person give a second thought to how the food reached his table.

• An old woman who loves and keeps birds would never be able to comprehend the gravity of not knowing that they belong to the endangered list or have been trapped, caught and kept in a brutal manner.

• Many of the small time hunters and tribal who trap the birds and animals for small fee are not aware of the ugly side of their livelihood.

• Many tourists and customers do not know that they are buying illegal products during their sojourns and from the internet.



Source: http://treesouls.com/wildlife-conservation/illegal-wildlife-trade-in-india-the-black-market-of-life/

I need to wake up from Melissa Etheridge.

Every time I listen to this music from An Inconvenient Truth- The best documentary movies in the 79th Oscars and ‘I need to wake up’ from Melissa Etheridge- The best original songs in the 79th Oscars, I feel that this song really inspire everyone.

How was it inspiring people? From my point of views the lyrics of the song start with ‘Have I been sleeping?’, ‘I’ve been so still afraid of crumbling’ which bring the meaning of the people still concern about the environment issue or not. Even those who aren’t concern about the environment, they are still afraid of crumbling of Earth and balance system of the earth. They are afraid the natural disasters such as flood, climate change, imbalance of ecosystem, and wildlife extinction. And ‘why they aren’t concern about it?’ I asked curiously. It is the trading on earth resources that made a healthy profit? Or some factors that I haven’t realize about it?

To answer these question, I being to look into many aspects of reasons. The first reason is the aspect of profit. According to the CRS Report for Congress on International Illegal Trade in Wildlife Threats and U.S Policy, global trade in illegal wildlife is a growing illicit economy, estimated to be worth at least $5 billion and potentially in excess of $20 billion annually. Some of the most lucrative illicit wildlife commodities include tiger parts, caviar, elephant ivory, rhino horn, and exotic birds and reptiles. Demand for illegally obtained wildlife is ubiquitous, and some suspect that illicit demand is growing. Wyler& Cheikh, (2008).



From this abstract, we can see that this health profit of $20 billion could be the cause on the increase of wildlife hunting in the third country such as Indonesia, Thailand and Brazil just to name a few as it promise a better life for them. Are they wrong? The answer is no they are innocent, they just want to satisfy their need such as food and house so what’s wrong with them? Don’t they have their right to have these needs? According to Index Mundi the GDP-per capita for Indonesia is $4000 US Dollars. From this fact, you might doubt me about the fact that I mentioned just now that they have insufficient of income. The fact is we can’t see the reality of local people life with this GDP- per capital value because this entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population in a year. It didn’t show the reality of people life in that country.



According to Profauna Indonesia, The level of the illegal trade and smuggling of the protected wildlife in Indonesia in 2009 is quite high. ProFauna’s Indonesia latest survey recorded that 70 animal (bird) markets in Java Island traded 183 protected species. Among the 70 markets which were located in 58 different cities, 14 of them sold parrots, 21markets sold primates, 11 markets sold mammals, and 13 markets sold raptors. Besides those target species, protected singing birds were also sold in 11 markets.



From these surveys, we can know who can be judged for this wildlife hunting. I think all of us is clear the consumers are wrong and have to take the responsible for the wildlife hunting because I belief that ‘no trading, no hunting’. The demand from on these products for example birds as pets and leopards for their leather as beautiful cloths. All of this is due to our desire to look beautiful, wealthy and status but we have ignored our action that brings the increasing of wildlife hunting. Are these products well worth it to show our beauty, our status and our wealthy? As the songs mentioned take us where we supposed to be, let us think deeply back our action was it right? Was it humane? To comprehend the things that we can’t see which is the impact of wildlife hunting on the balance of ecosystem and we need to wake up to be a responsible and ethical consumer. World will be better, if we do a great progress in protecting the earth.

Malaysia Passes WILDLIFE Protection Law

KUALA LUMPUR, Malaysia, Sept. 28 (UPI) -- A Malaysian law intended to deal with animal traffickers and poachers may be too late to save some of the country's endangered species, wildlife activists say.

After years of wildlife being decimated by human activities, Malaysia finally responded with a wildlife conservation law called "overdue," Inter Press Service reported Tuesday.

Conservationists, concerned that Sumatran rhinos, orangutans, Malayan tigers and clouded leopards a losing their fight for survival, will be watching how the new law is implemented.

"The tough new measures are probably four decades overdue," conservationist Mohamed Iris said. "Official neglect and corruption is fueling the international trade in threatened species and the tough new law and action against corrupt officials may be too late for some endangered species."

The bill, with significantly higher penalties and mandatory jail terms for a wide range of wildlife crimes, is expected to come into force as law in December.

"It all depends how seriously and effectively the government implement the new law," said one conservationist working to preserve wildlife habitat at a forest reserve in East Malaysia.

"If effectively enforced, the law can give wildlife a respite against open and blatant poaching."

Some feel the agencies selected to enforce the new bill are not up to the job.

"They are not modern, don't have modern equipment, they don't use modern technology and their budget is minuscule compared to the challenges they face in protecting wildlife against poaches," lawmaker Grosgrain Mirages said. "The law is fine but the implementation part is wanting."

"We have the law," he said, "but without the budget the battle is lost."

Jane's Reasons for Hope

"It is easy to be overwhelmed by feelings of hopelessness as we look around the world. We are losing species at a terrible rate, the balance of nature is disturbed, and we are destroying our beautiful planet. We have fear about water supplies, where future energy will come from – and most recently the developed world has been mired in an economic crisis. But in spite of all this I do have hope. And my hope is based on four factors.

The Human Brain

Firstly, we have at last begun to understand and face up to the problems that threaten us and the survival of life on Earth as we know it. Surely we can use our problem-solving abilities, our brains, to find ways to live in harmony with nature. Many companies have begun "greening" their operations, and millions of people worldwide are beginning to realize that each of us has a responsibility to the environment and our descendants. Everywhere I go, I see people making wiser choices, and more responsible ones.



The Indomitable Human Spirit

My second reason for hope lies in the indomitable nature of the human spirit. There are so many people who have dreamed seemingly unattainable dreams and, because they never gave up, achieved their goals against all the odds, or blazed a path along which others could follow. The recent presidential election in the US is one example. As I travel around the world I meet so many incredible and amazing human beings. They inspire me. They inspire those around them.

The Resilience of Nature

My third reason for hope is the incredible resilience of nature. I have visited Nagasaki, site of the second atomic bomb that ended World War II. Scientists had predicted that nothing could grow there for at least 30 years. But, amazingly, greenery grew very quickly. One sapling actually managed to survive the bombing, and today it is a large tree, with great cracks and fissures, all black inside; but that tree still produces leaves. I carry one of those leaves with me as a powerful symbol of hope. I have seen such renewals time and again, including animal species brought back from the brink of extinction.

The Determination of Young People

My final reason for hope lies in the tremendous energy, enthusiasm and commitment of young people around the world. As they find out about the environmental and social problems that are now part of their heritage, they want to right the wrongs. Of course they do -- they have a vested interest in this, for it will be their world tomorrow. They will be moving into leadership positions, into the workforce, becoming parents themselves. Young people, when informed and empowered, when they realize that what they do truly makes a difference, can indeed change the world. We should never underestimate the power of determined young people.

I meet many young people with shining eyes who want to tell Dr. Jane what they've been doing, how they are making a difference in their communities. Whether it's something simple like recycling or collecting trash, something that requires a lot of effort, like restoring a wetland or a prairie, or whether it's raising money for the local dog shelter, they are a continual source of inspiration. My greatest reason for hope is the spirit and determination of young people, once they know what the problems are and have the tools to take action.

So let’s move forward in this new millennium with hope, for without it all we can do is eat and drink the last of our resources as we watch our planet slowly die. Let’s have faith in ourselves, in our intellect, in our staunch spirit and in our young people. And let’s do the work that needs to be done, with love and compassion."

--Jane Goodall, PhD, DBE

Adapted from The Jane Goodall Institute 2010 at: http://www.janegoodall.org/janes-reasons-hope

The story from the Persian Empire

The story begins with few sentences which I got it from the book of Social Science 13th edition edited by Hunt & Colander. The story mentioned about the Persian Empire in 336 B.C where King Philip II was assassinated and his rule was assumed by his son, Alexander the Great, who was not yet twenty years old. By the time Alexander died, overcome by a sudden and unidentified disease when he was only thirty-three years old, he had solidified his father’s conquest of Greece and then gone on to conquer Egypt, almost all of what we now call the Middle East, and the greater part of India. To Alexander is attributed the demand, “Bring me more worlds to conquer.”

It is true indeed that human now have already conquered the world by massive amount of human population. According to the National Geographic website which discussed about the accelerating of human population from 1billion from 1800 to 6.6 billion today has clear evidence that human have already conquered the world. This massive amount of population shows that we have to share the earth resources such food, water, and land. It means that we have a massive demand on these resources! We need land to develop, and forest for wood source.

We not only conquered the world by population but also with the modern technology that we have invented such as Harvester, skidder and forwarder for forestry. With this technology human can cut down the tree faster than tradition technology such axes.

As a result, we have destroyed the ecosystem of the earth which is unique to us. For example, in the early 2000s in Brazil, about 4,000 mi2 (10,000 km2) of rainforest were being cleared yearly, mostly for cattle ranching, soy farming, and subsistence farming (Lerner 2008.) caused the wildlife lost it habitat.

The massage that we try to bring to the reader is clear that human have the responsibility for the future of the wildlife! We can conserve the wildlife or extinguish the wildlife. The choice is yours! Lastly, I will like to share this quote from Al Gore (former vice president of USA) “Future generations may well have occasion to ask themselves, "What were our parents thinking? Why didn't they wake up when they had a chance?" We have to hear that question from them, now.” Yes indeed why not we wake up now when we still have a chance to protect the wildlife before our generation might not have any chances to experience the unique of the ecosystem. Let us preserve this property of earth to them.
:-)

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